Notes on the Bible, by Albert Barnes, [1834], at sacred-texts.com
This chapter runs parallel with 2 Sam. 5 as far as Ch1 11:9, after which it is to be compared with 2 Sam. 23:8-39 as far as Ch1 11:40, the remainder Ch1 11:41-47 being an addition, to which Samuel has nothing corresponding. Compare throughout the notes in Samuel.
The narrative here given fills out a manifest defect in Sa2 5:8 where something has evidently dropped out of the text.
The prowess of Joab on this occasion, and the part which he took in the building of the city of David Ch1 11:8, are known to us only from this passage of Chronicles.
Strengthened themselves - Or "exerted themselves" - "strenuously assisted with all Israel in making David king." This list of David's principal heroes belongs, therefore, to his reign at Hebron. In Samuel the list is not given until nearly the end of David's reign 2 Sam. 23:8-39.
Chief of the captains - Or, "of the thirty," according to another and better reading (see Ch1 11:15, Ch1 11:25; compare Sa2 23:8 note). Jashobeam was the commander of the first monthly course of 24,090 soldiers Ch1 27:2. He is probably the warrior of the name who joined David at Ziklag Ch1 12:6.
Compare this passage with Sa2 23:9-10.
Barley - In Sa2 23:11, "lentiles." The words for barley and lentils are so similar in the Hebrew that we may fairly explain the diversity by an accidental corruption.
Five cubits high - About 7 ft. 6 in. high. The height is not so great as that recorded of other giants.
etc. The list of names here given corresponds generally with that in 2 Sam. 23:24-39, but presents several remarkable differences.
(1) the number in Chronicles is 47; the number in Samuel is 31.
(2) Four names in the list of Chronicles are not in Samuel.
(3) five names in Samuel are not in Chronicles.
(4) many of the other names, both personal and local, vary in the two lists.
It is quite possible that the two lists varied to some extent originally. The writer of Chronicles distinctly states that he gives the list as it stood at the time of David's becoming king over all Israel Ch1 11:10. The writer of Samuel does not assign his list to any definite period of David's reign, but probably delivers it to us as it was constituted at a later date. It is quite possible therefore that the names which occur only in Chronicles are those of persons who had died or quitted the army before the other list was made out, and that the new names in Samuel are the names of those who had taken their places. See the Sa2 23:39 note.
The sons of Hashem - It is impossible that this can be the true reading, since an individual warrior must be spoken of. Comparing Sa2 23:32, perhaps the most probable conjecture is that the "Beni-Hashem" of Chronicles and the "Beni Jashen" of Samuel alike conceal some single name of a man which cannot now be recovered.